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Salicornia is a of , (salt tolerant) in the family that grow in , on beaches, and among . Salicornia species are native to North America, Europe, central Asia, and southern Africa. Common names for the genus include , , picklegrass, and marsh ; these common names are also used for some species not in Salicornia. Salicornia , Integrated Taxonomic Information System, serial number 20646. To French speakers in , they are known colloquially as tétines de souris ('mouse tits'). The main European species is often eaten, called marsh samphire in Britain, and the main North American species is occasionally sold in grocery stores or appears on restaurant menus as sea beans, samphire greens, or sea asparagus.


Description
The Salicornia species are small annual herbs. They grow prostrate to erect, their simple or branched stems are succulent, hairless, and appear to be jointed. The opposite are strongly reduced to small fleshy scales with a narrow dry margin, hairless, unstalked and united at the base, thus enclosing and forming a succulent sheath around the stem, which gives it the appearance of being composed of jointed segments.
(2025). 9781527226302, C & M Floristics.
Ball, Peter W. (2004). " Salicornia L. ," in Flora of North America: North of Mexico Volume 4: Magnoliophyta: Caryophyllidae, part 1 , Editorial Committee of the Flora of North America (Oxford University Press, 2004). . Online version retrieved August 10, 2016. Many species are green, but their foliage turns red in autumn. Older stems may be somewhat woody basally.

All stems terminate in spike-like apparently jointed . Each joint consists of two opposite minute bracts with a (1-) 3-flowered cyme tightly embedded in cavities of the main axis and partly hidden by the bracts. The flowers are arranged in a triangle, both lateral flowers beneath the central flower. The hermaphrodite are more or less radially symmetric, with a of three fleshy united nearly to the apex. There are 1–2 and an ovary with two stigmas.

The perianth is persistent in fruit. The fruit wall (pericarp) is membranous. The vertical seed is ellipsoid, with yellowish brown, membranous, hairy seed coat. The seed contains no (feeding tissue).

Like most members of the subfamily , Salicornia species use the C3 carbon fixation pathway to take in carbon dioxide from the surrounding atmosphere.


Taxonomy
The genus Salicornia was first described in 1753 by .Carl Linnaeus (1753). Species Plantarum, Tomus I: 3. First description of Salicornia, scanned at BHL The annual Salicornia europaea was selected as the .

The genus probably originated during the in the region between the Mediterranean Basin and Central Asia. Evolving from within the perennial and frost-sensitive former genus Sarcocornia (now shown to be ), the annual, strongly inbreeding and frost-tolerant Salicornia diversified during the late to early . By events of intercontinental dispersals, they reached southern Africa twice and North America at least three times. Two tetraploid lineages expanded rapidly, with the ability to colonize lower belts of the than their diploid relatives. Inbreeding and geographical isolation led to a large number of reproductive isolated species that are only weakly differentiated.

The taxonomic classification of this genus is extremely difficult (with one paper calling it a "taxonomic nightmare"). The determination of species seems almost impossible for non-specialists. The reasons for these difficulties are the reduced habit with weak morphological differentiation and high phenotypic variability. As the succulent plants lose their characteristics while drying, herbarium specimens often cannot be determined with certainty and are less suited for taxonomic studies.

Molecular phylogenetic studies have regularly revised the circumscription of the genus. It was considered distinct from Sarcocornia in 2007 and 2012 studies. A 2017 study resulted in Sarcocornia being sunk into Salicornia – despite being the first perennial, substantially increasing the size of the genus, which was divided into four subgenera.


Species
, Plants of the World Online accepted the following species:

  • Salicornia alpini Lag.
  • Salicornia ambigua Michx.
  • Salicornia andina Phil.
  • Salicornia bigelovii Torr.
  • Salicornia blackiana Ulbr.
  • Salicornia brachiata Roxb.
  • Salicornia capensis (Moss) Piirainen & G.Kadereit
  • Salicornia crassispica G.L.Chu
  • Salicornia cuscoensis Gutte & G.K.Müll. ex Freitag, M.Á.Alonso & M.B.Crespo
  • Salicornia decumbens (Toelken) Piirainen & G.Kadereit
  • Salicornia decussata (S.Steffen, Mucina & G.Kadereit) Piirainen & G.Kadereit
  • Salicornia disarticulata Moss
  • Salicornia dunensis (Moss ex Adamson) Piirainen & G.Kadereit
  • Salicornia erectispica G.L.Chu
  • Salicornia europaea L.
  • Salicornia fruticosa (L.) L.
  • Salicornia globosa (Paul G.Wilson) Piirainen & G.Kadereit
  • Salicornia helmutii Piirainen & G.Kadereit
  • Salicornia hispanica (Fuente, Rufo & Sánchez Mata) Piirainen & G.Kadereit
  • Salicornia lagascae (Fuente, Rufo & Sánchez Mata) Piirainen & G.Kadereit
  • Salicornia littorea (Moss) Piirainen & G.Kadereit
  • Salicornia magellanica Phil.
  • Salicornia maritima S.L.Wolff & Jefferies
  • Salicornia × marshallii (Lambinon & Vanderp.) Stace
  • Salicornia meyeriana Moss
  • Salicornia mossambicensis (Brenan) Piirainen & G.Kadereit
  • Salicornia mossiana (Toelken) Piirainen & G.Kadereit
  • Salicornia natalensis Bunge ex Ung.-Sternb.
  • Lag.
  • Salicornia nitens P.W.Ball & Tutin
  • Salicornia obclavata (Yaprak) Piirainen & G.Kadereit
  • Salicornia obscura P.W.Ball & Tutin
  • Salicornia pachystachya Bunge ex Ung.-Sternb.
  • Salicornia pacifica Standl.
  • Salicornia perennans Willd.
  • Salicornia perennis Mill.
  • Salicornia perrieri A.Chev.
  • Salicornia persica Akhani
  • Salicornia perspolitana Akhani
  • Salicornia praecox A.Chev.
  • Salicornia procumbens Sm.
  • Salicornia pruinosa (Fuente, Rufo & Sánchez Mata) Piirainen & G.Kadereit
  • Salicornia pulvinata R.E.Fr.
  • Salicornia quinqueflora Bunge ex Ung.-Sternb.
  • A.Nelson
  • Salicornia senegalensis A.Chev.
  • Salicornia sinus-persica Akhani
  • Salicornia tegetaria (S.Steffen, Mucina & G.Kadereit) Piirainen & G.Kadereit
  • Salicornia terminalis (Toelken) Piirainen & G.Kadereit
  • Salicornia uniflora Toelken
  • Salicornia utahensis Tidestr.
  • Salicornia virginica L.
  • Salicornia xerophila (Toelken) Piirainen & G.Kadereit


Distribution and habitat
The species of Salicornia are widely distributed over the Northern Hemisphere and in southern Africa, ranging from the to regions. There is one species present in New Zealand.

They grow in coastal salt marshes and in inland salty habitats like shores of . Salicornia species are and can generally tolerate immersion in salt water (hygrohalophytes).


Ecology
Salicornia species are used as food plants by the of some species, including the case-bearers C. atriplicis and C. salicorniae; the latter feeds exclusively on Salicornia spp.


Uses

Culinary
S. europaea is edible, either cooked or raw, "Salicornia" , page of the Plants for a Future website . Retrieved July 14, 2007. as are and S. depressa.
(2025). 9781493025343, Falcon Guides.
In England, S. europaea is one of several plants known as samphire (including ); the term samphire is believed to be a corruption of the French name, herbe Saint-Pierre, which means "St. Peter's herb".Davidson, Alan (2002). The Penguin Companion To Food (Penguin), p. 828. . On Food and Cooking: The Science and Lore of the Kitchen, Completely Revised and Updated (Scribner, New York), p. 317. .

In Hawaii, where it is known as "sea asparagus", it is often blanched and used as a topping for salads or accompaniment for fish.

In addition to S. europaea, the seeds of S. bigelovii yield an edible oil. S. bigelovii's edibility is compromised somewhat because it contains , which are toxic under certain conditions.

Umari keerai ( S. brachiata) is cooked and eaten or pickled. It is also used as fodder for cattle, sheep, and goats. Salicornia, oil-yielding plant for coastal belts, The Hindu In , Sri Lanka, it is used to feed donkeys.

On the east coast of Canada, the plant is known as "samphire greens" and is a local delicacy. In , it is known as beach asparagus. In , Canada, they are known as crow's foot greens. In , they are known as sea asparagus. In the United States, they are known as "sea beans" when used for culinary purposes. Other names include sea green bean, sea pickle, and marsh samphire. Cook's Thesaurus: Sea Vegetables , retrieved 2012-10-08.

In India, researchers at the Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute developed a process to yield culinary salt from S. brachiata. The resulting product is known as vegetable salt and sold under the brand name Saloni.

Dehydrated, pulverized Salicornia is sold under the brand name "Green Salt" as a claimed to be as salty in taste as table salt, but with less sodium.Florence Fabricant, "To Sprinkle: Add Some Green To Your Salt Lineup", New York Times, August 11, 2021, p. D3; online version "Add Green to Your Salt Lineup" August 9, 2021Green Salt web site, [10]


Pharmacological research
In South Korea, Phyto Corporation has developed a technology of extracting low-sodium salt from S. europaea, a salt-accumulating plant. The company claims that the naturally derived plant salt is effective in treating high blood pressure and fatty liver disease by reducing sodium intake. The company has also developed a desalted Salicornia powder containing and antithrombus , claimed to be effective in treating and , as well as providing a means to help resolve global food shortages.


Environmental uses
is used in . It is highly effective at removing from soil, which is absorbed by the plant and then released into the atmosphere to be dispersed by prevailing winds.
(2025). 9781429219617, Freeman.
Pickleweed ( S. bigelovii) has been found to have average rates 10–100 times higher than other species.


Industrial use

Historical
The ashes of and plants and of were long used as a source of soda ash (mainly ) for glassmaking and soapmaking. The introduction of the for industrial production of soda ash superseded the use of plant sources in the first half of the 19th century.

Umari keerai is used as raw material in paper and board factories.


Contemporary
Because S. bigelovii can be grown using saltwater and its seeds contain high levels of unsaturated (30 wt. %, mostly ) and protein (35 wt. %), it can be used to produce animal feedstuff and as a biofuel feedstock on coastal land where conventional crops cannot be grown. Adding nitrogen-based to the seawater appears to increase the rate of growth and the eventual height of the plant, and the effluent from marine (e.g. ) is a suggested use for this purpose.

Experimental fields of Salicornia have been planted in Ras al-Zawr (), (northeast Africa), and (northwest Mexico) aimed at the production of . The company responsible for the Sonora trials (Global Seawater) claims between 225 and 250 of BQ-9000 biodiesel can be produced per hectare (approximately 2.5 acres) of salicornia, and is promoting a $35 million scheme to create a salicornia farm in Bahia de Kino.

and of S. brachiata plants have a high content (ca. 30 wt. %), whereas tender stem tips exhibit a low cellulose content (9.2 wt. %). S. brachiata revealed the dominance of , , , , and , with meager presence of and in their structural .


See also
  • Arid Forest Research Institute
  • Batis
  • Sea grapes


External links

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